ANORECTAL SURGERY

Proctology is a branch of surgery dedicated to diseases of the anus and lower rectum. The most common condition requiring surgical intervention is hemorrhoidal disease. Procedures depend on the severity of the hemorrhoids. Larger hemorrhoids can lead to protrusion of the rectal mucosa (hemorrhoidal prolapse, anorectal prolapse). Treatments range from elastic band ligation or removal of simple hemorrhoids to more radical interventions like hemorrhoidectomy (Milligan-Morgan technique) or correction of hemorrhoidal prolapse using mechanical stapling (Longo technique). Other indications for surgery include anal fissuers (when medical treatment fails), perianal fistulas, and associated complications (abscesses). These surgeries can sometimes be straightforward but can also be more delicate due to the risk of damaging anal sphincter function.